- Journal of Media and Communication Studies, Vol # 4, Issue # 2
- I Met Myself on Social Media: A Quantitative Analysis of Relationship between Online Echo Chambers and Development of Self-Identity in Youth
I Met Myself on Social Media: A Quantitative Analysis of Relationship between Online Echo Chambers and Development of Self-Identity in Youth
- Nadia Ali/
- July 10, 2024
Keywords
Over the past few years, the use of interactive media has witnessed a marked increase particularly among young people (Kelly et al., 2018; Sert & Başkale, 2022 ) fuelling a radical transformation of socialization and self-perception practices among them. A key factor in this regard has been the formation of echo chambers, or silos of like-minded individuals, on Social Networking Sites (SNS) that not only shape individuals’ understanding of social reality but also play an important role in the formation of their self-identity. This study investigates the correlation between social media echo chambers and the development of self-identity among young people in Pakistan. The research explores how these online bubbles serve as safe spaces for socially marginalized youth to find their self-expression and coherent identity. Drawing upon the framework of the Social Identity and Selective Exposure theories, a sample of 100 young people, aged 18-25 — based on Arnett’s (2000) definition of emerging adults — with diverse ethnic, religious, gender, and socio-political backgrounds, was surveyed using a five-point Likert scale questionnaire. The findings of the study indicate that contrary to popular belief, individuals act as active agents in selecting online communities they engage with while bubbles of these communities, and their respective collective presentation impact the individual’s perception of her self-identity. Moreover, it was revealed that as socially isolated individuals form discrete personal identities through supportive online spaces, the lack of acceptance in their offline lives increases their attitude of resentment toward their positioning in society.
Amichai-Hamburger, Y., & Vinitzky, G. (2010). Social network use and personality. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1289-1295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.018
Arnett, J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.55.5.469
Baumeister, R. F. & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1995-29052-001
Brunker, F. & Deitelhoff, F. (2019). Collective Identity Formation on Instagram - Investigating the Social Movement Fridays for Future. Social and Information Networks. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1912.05123
Cinelli, M., Morales, G., Galeazi, A., Starnini, M. (2021). The Echo Chamber Effect on Social Media. PNAS Computer Sciences, 118 (9). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023301118
Côté, J., & Levine, C. (2002). Identity formation, agency, and culture: A social psychological synthesis. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781410612199/identity-formation-agency-culture-charles-levine-james-cote
Côté, J. E., & Levine, C. G. (2002). Identity and the natural environment: The psychological significance of nature. Cambridge University Press. https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262532068/identity-and-the-natural-environment
Dijck, J. (2013). The culture of connectivity: A critical history of social media. Oxford University Press. https://academic.oup.com/book/9914
Doster, L. (2013). Millennial teens design and redesign themselves in online social networks. J. Consumer Behav, 12, 267-279. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cb.1407
Dutton, W. H., Reisdorf, B., Dubois, E., & Blank, G. (2017, March 31). Social shaping of the politics of internet search and networking: Moving beyond filter bubbles, echo chambers, and fake news. University of Oxford, GCSCC Computer Science.
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bs.3830140209
Ganda, M. (2014). Social Media and Self: Influences on the Formation of Identity and Understanding of Self through Social Networking Sites [Unpublished Bachelor Thesis]. Portland State University.
https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1064&context=honorstheses
Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. M. (2011). Ideological segregation online and offline. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126(4), 1799-1839.
Gillani, N., Yuan, A., Saveski, M. (2018). Me, My Echo Chamber, and I: Introspection on Social Media Polarization. Social and Information Networks. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1803.01731
Gil de Zúñiga, H., Jung, N., & Valenzuela, S. (2012). Social media use for news and individuals' social capital, civic engagement, and political participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17(3), 319-336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01574.x
Gorea, M. (2021). Becoming Your “Authentic” Self: How Social Media Influences Youth’s Visual Transitions. Social Media + Society, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211047875
Hardy, J. (2014). The political economy of social media: An introduction. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan
Howard, Philip N., Muzammil M. Hussain (2013). Digital Media and the Arab Spring, Democracy’s Fourth Wave? Digital Media and the Arab Spring. Oxford Studies in Digital Politics. https://academic.oup.com/book/12228/chapter-abstract/161707586?redirectedFrom=fulltext
Jeyanthi, M. (2022). Social Media and Identity Formation – The Influence of Self-Presentation and Social Comparison. Mind and Society, 11(02), 138-144. https://doi.org/10.56011/mind-mri-112-202216
Kaakinen, M., Sirola, A., Savolainen, I., & Oksanen, A. (2020). Shared identity and shared information in social media: Development and validation of the identity bubble reinforcement scale. Media Psychology, 23(1), 25–51. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/15213269.2018.15449
Kelly, Y., Zilanawala, A., Booker, C., & Sacker, A. (2018). Social media use and adolescent mental health: Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. EClinicalMedicine, 6, 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2018.12.005
Keum, B. T., Wang, Y. W., Callaway, J., & et al. (2023). Benefits and harms of social media use: A latent profile analysis of emerging adults. Current Psychology, 42(6), 23506–23518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03473-5
Kteily, N. S., Sheehy-Skeffington, J., Dovidio, J. F., & Pierce, J. L. (2015). The targets of dehumanization: An updated psychological taxonomy. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 9(7), 455-471. https://www.umass.edu/bleidner/papers/Li_Leidner_Castano_2014.pdf
Lucero, L. (2017). Safe spaces in online places: social media and LGBTQ youth. Multicultural Education Review, 9,117-128. https://doi.org/10.1080/2005615X.2017.1313482
Lehdonvirta, V. (2010). Online spaces have material culture: goodbye to digital post-materialism and hello to virtual consumption. Media, Culture & Society, 32(5), 883–889. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443710378559
Throuvala, M. A., Griffiths, M. D., Rennoldson, M., & Kuss, D. J. (2019). A ‘control model ’ of social media engagement in adolescence: A grounded theory analysis. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(23), 4696. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234696
Martin, J. N & Nakayama, T. K. (1997). Thinking Dialectically about Culture and Communication (Eds), The Global Intercultural Communication Reader. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203508534-21/thinking-dialectically-culture-communication-judith-martin-thomas-nakayama
Marwick, A., & Boyd, d. (2011). I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users, context collapse, and the imagined audience. New Media & Society, 13(1), 114-133. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2011-03777-008
McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., Cook, J. (2001) Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks. Annual Review of Sociology. 27(1), 415-444. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415
Nadkarni, A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2012). Why do people use Facebook? Personality and motives predict Facebook activity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(4), 824-834.
Nickerson, R. S. (1998). Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175-220. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2018-70006-003
Nunn, E. (2019). Social media as an extension of Guy Debord's The Society of the Spectacle (1967). JAWS: Journal of Arts Writing by Students, 5(1), 79.
Papacharissi, Z. (2010). A private sphere: Democracy in a digital age. Polity Press. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/A+Private+Sphere:+Democracy+in+a+Digital+Age-p-9780745645247
Pariser, E. (2011). The filter bubble: How the new personalized web is changing what we read and how we think. New York, NY: Penguin. https://www.amazon.com/Filter-Bubble-Personalized-Changing-Think/dp/0143121235
Pew Research Center. (2018). Social media use in 2018. http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/03/01/social-media-use-in-2018/
Pew Research Center. (2019). Social media use in 2019. http://www.pewinternet.org/2019/03/01/social-media-use-in-2019/
Arguedas, A., Robertson, C. T., Fletcher, R., & Nielsen, R. K. (2017). Echo chambers, filter bubbles, and polarisation: A literature review. University of Oxford. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/echo-chambers-filter-bubbles-and-polarisation-literature-review
Sert, H. P., & Başkale, H. (2022). Students' increased time spent on social media, and their level of coronavirus anxiety during the pandemic, predict increased social media addiction. Health Information and Libraries Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/hir.1244
Sunstein, C. R. (2001). Echo Chambers; Bush Vs Gore and Beyond. Princeton University Press. https://books.google.com.pk/books/about/Echo_Chambers.html?id=sEgHAAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y
Sunstein, C. R. (2017). Republic: Divided democracy in the age of social media. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691175515/republic
Tajfel, H. E. (1978). Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations. Academic Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1980-50696-000
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47).
Taylor, C.E., Mantzaris, A.V., Garibay, I. (2018) Exploring How Homophily and Accessibility Can Facilitate Polarization in Social Networks. Information 2018, 9, 325. https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/201810.0740/v1
Thomas, L., Briggs, P., Hart, A., & Kerrigan, F. (2017). Understanding social media and identity work in young people transitioning to university. Computers in Human Behavior, 76, 541-553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.08
Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2009). The narcissism epidemic: Living in the age of entitlement. Free Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-05058-000
Zillman D., Bryant, J. (1985). Selective Exposure to Communication. Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Selective-Exposure-To-Communication/Zillmann-Bryant/p/book/9780415515757
Zollo, F., Bessi, A., Del Vicario, M. (2017). Debunking in a world of tribes. Plus One Media Inquiries.
Statistics
Author(s):
Scholar, School of Communication Studies, University of the Punjab, Pakistan.
Pakistan
- nadiaali.azam06@gmail.com
Details:
Type: | Article |
Volume: | 4 |
Issue: | 2 |
Language: | English |
Id: | 668d38ffc17d6 |
Published | July 10, 2024 |
Statistics
|
---|


This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.